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• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. (L080)
  
  Caption: 'Hairy' male and 'bald' female
• 
  Species:
  Panaque sp. (L191)
  
  Caption: 5 years old, 30 cm TL, maybe female
• 
  Species:
  Liobagrus andersoni
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Liobagrus andersoni
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Bagrichthys macracanthus
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Bagrichthys macracanthus
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Bagrichthys macracanthus
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Brochis (sub-clade 3) sp. (C135)
  
  Caption: adult female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw104)
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Agamyxis pectinifrons
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Rhinodoras gallagheri
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Pachypterus khavalchor
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (3)
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (3)
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L107)
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Brochiloricaria chauliodon
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L501)
  
  Caption: Adult female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L486)
  
  Caption: Adult female in spawning condition
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (3)
  
  Caption: Albino female
• 
  Species:
  Hisonotus aky
  
  Caption: Close-up of female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus furunculus
  
  Caption: Close-up of female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sabaji
  
  Caption: Close-up of female
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis perugiae
  
  Caption: Close-up of female anal fin
• 
  Species:
  Platystacus cotylephorus
  
  Caption: Close-up of female and egg
• 
  Species:
  Rhamdia humilis
  
  Caption: Close-up of female belly cut open to show roe
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Close-up of female genital area
• 
  Species:
  Chrysichthys brachynema
  
  Caption: Close-up of female genital area
• 
  Species:
  Megalodoras uranoscopus
  
  Caption: Close-up of female genital area
• 
  Species:
  Goeldiella eques
  
  Caption: Close-up of female genital area
• 
  Species:
  Sturisomatichthys aureus
  
  Caption: Close-up of female genital area
• 
  Species:
  Leiarius pictus
  
  Caption: Close-up of female genital area
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis clarias
  
  Caption: Close-up of female ventral area
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  
  Caption: Close-up of female's cheek
• 
  Species:
  Liobagrus marginatus
  
  Caption: Close-up of female's head
• 
  Species:
  Oreoglanis omkoiensis
  
  Caption: Close-up of genital papilla. A, female. B, male.
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella sp. (1)
  
  Caption: Close-up of head - female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L066)
  
  Caption: Close-up of head of female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L070)
  
  Caption: Close-up of head of female
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus albivermis
  
  Caption: Close-up of head of female
• 
  Species:
  Microglanis berbixae
  
  Caption: Close-up of urogenital papillae. A. Female, B. Male.
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Dorsal view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus dentex
  
  Caption: Dorsal view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia braueri
  
  Caption: Dorsal view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. (L080)
  
  Caption: Dorsal view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. `RIO FORMOSO II`
  
  Caption: Dorsal view after capture (female)
• 
  Species:
  Bagrichthys macracanthus
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of adult female
• 
  Species:
  Amblydoras nauticus
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Brochiloricaria chauliodon
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Brochiloricaria chauliodon
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L070)
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L270)
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus pirarara
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus sp. (LDA105)
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudolithoxus dumus
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. (7)
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female
• 
  Species:
  Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias(l241)
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of female (narrower head)
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus elegans
  
  Caption: Dorsal view of pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. `RIO NEGRO II`
  
  Caption: Dorsal view, sexing (left, females; right, male)
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella vittata
  
  Caption: Eggs from 2 females laid over 3 nights
• 
  Species:
  Liobagrus marginatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Liobagrus somjinensis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Bunocephalus coracoideus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Platystacus cotylephorus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ageneiosus magoi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Centromochlus orca
  
  Caption: female
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis altae
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis altae
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis perugiae
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis perugiae
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis romani
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Entomocorus gameroi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ferrarissoaresia ferrarisi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Glanidium botocudo
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Tatia dunni
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Tatia intermedia
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Tetranematichthys wallacei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Tetranematichthys wallacei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Tetranematichthys wallacei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Trachelyichthys exilis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Trachelyopterus fisheri
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Trachelyopterus fisheri
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Trachelyopterus fisheri
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Parauchenoglanis ngamensis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Bagroides melapterus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Mystus bimaculatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Mystus carcio
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Mystus vittatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Aspidoras albater
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Aspidoras sp. (C035)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Brochis (sub-clade 2) geryi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Brochis (sub-clade 2) geryi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Brochis (sub-clade 2) pantanalensis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Brochis (sub-clade 3) robustus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Corydoras sp. (C042)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Corydoras sp. (Cw124)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus elegans
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus guapore
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus napoensis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (C089)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (C089)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (C123)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (Cw008)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (Cw018)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (Cw105)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (Cw123)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus undulatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma baderi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma boesemani
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma davidsandsi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma diphyes
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma diphyes
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma habrosum
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma hypnos
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma longipinne
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma nattereri
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma paleatum
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (C054)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw069)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw111)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw112)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw140)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma weitzmani
  
  Caption: female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplosternum littorale
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplosternum punctatum
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Megalechis picta
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Megalechis picta
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Osteogaster aenea
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax barbatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax kronei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax kronei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax lacerdai
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax prionotos
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax prionotos
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax sp. (Cw067)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax sp. (Cw147)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax sp. (Cw147)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Cetopsidium soniae
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Cetopsidium soniae
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Cetopsis sandrae
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Chrysichthys brachynema
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Lophiobagrus brevispinis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Amblydoras nauticus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Platydoras armatulus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Brachyrhamdia sp. (1)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Brachyrhamdia thayeria
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. `RIO CHIRGUA`
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. `RIO TOCANTINS`
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. `RIO UCAYALI`
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (3)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (4)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (5)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (8)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L107)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L107)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L393)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L486)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L513)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus stigmaticus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Baryancistrus xanthellus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella platorynchus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella platorynchus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella platorynchus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella platorynchus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hemiancistrus sp. (L128)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hemiancistrus subviridis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hisonotus aky
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L004)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L066)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L070)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L173)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L173)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L173)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L174)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L236)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L236)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L260)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L400)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L400)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L411)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L471)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus zebra
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias(l241)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Leporacanthicus triactis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Loricaria simillima
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Neoplecostomus microps
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Otocinclus cocama
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Otocinclus flexilis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus albivermis
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus sp. (L169)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Parotocinclus jacksoni
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia braueri
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia braueri
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sabaji
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. (L038)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. (L205)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. (L209)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. (L265)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus sp. (LDA105)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudohemiodon sp. `MARBLED`
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria aff. latirostris
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. `BARCELOS`
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. `JACAREACANGA`
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. (7)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. (L010A)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. (L010A)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria teffeana
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scobinancistrus aureatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Spectracanthicus zuanoni
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Spectracanthicus zuanoni
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Sturisomatichthys aureus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Chiloglanis anoterus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Microsynodontis sp. (1)
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis multipunctatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis notatus
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis pleurops
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Microglanis aff. iheringi
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudopimelodus bufonius
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pareutropius buffei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pareutropius buffei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pareutropius buffei
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Schilbe intermedius
  
  Caption: Female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus pirarara
  
  Caption: Female - close-up of body odontodes
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus pirarara
  
  Caption: Female - close-up of head
• 
  Species:
  Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  
  Caption: Female - close-up of head
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus pirarara
  
  Caption: Female - close-up of pectoral odontodes
• 
  Species:
  Chaetostoma formosae
  
  Caption: Female - dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria langei
  
  Caption: Female - dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria maacki
  
  Caption: Female - dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria langei
  
  Caption: Female - lateral view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria maacki
  
  Caption: Female - lateral view
• 
  Species:
  Chaetostoma formosae
  
  Caption: Female - ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Pseudohemiodon aff. apithanos
  
  Caption: Female - ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Pseudohemiodon platycephalus
  
  Caption: Female - ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Pterosturisoma microps
  
  Caption: Female - ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria langei
  
  Caption: Female - ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria maacki
  
  Caption: Female - ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Sturisomatichthys aureus
  
  Caption: Female - ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L287)
  
  Caption: Female (above) and F1
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L180)
  
  Caption: Female (right) and male (left), ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella vittata
  
  Caption: Female (right) and male guarding eggs
• 
  Species:
  Osteogaster aenea
  
  Caption: Female about to lay eggs on glass
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. (L010A)
  
  Caption: Female above pipe, male inside
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia compta
  
  Caption: Female after spawning - note scratches on right
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Female albino
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus sp. (L169)
  
  Caption: Female and juveniles
• 
  Species:
  Rhamdia humilis
  
  Caption: Female belly cut open to show roe
• 
  Species:
  Scobinancistrus aureatus
  
  Caption: Female body showing absence of odontodes
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax barbatus
  
  Caption: Female carring eggs in pelvic fins
• 
  Species:
  Platystacus cotylephorus
  
  Caption: Female carrying egg
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma concolor
  
  Caption: Female carrying eggs
• 
  Species:
  Baryancistrus xanthellus
  
  Caption: Female carrying eggs
• 
  Species:
  Osteogaster aenea
  
  Caption: Female carrying eggs in pelvic fin
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma weitzmani
  
  Caption: Female carrying eggs in pelvic fins
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus pirarara
  
  Caption: Female close-up
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L045)
  
  Caption: Female collected in French Guyana
• 
  Species:
  Pseudomystus heokhuii
  
  Caption: Female genital papilla
• 
  Species:
  Amblydoras nauticus
  
  Caption: Female genital papilla
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria melini
  
  Caption: Female genital papilla
• 
  Species:
  Amblyceps laticeps
  
  Caption: Female gravid with eggs
• 
  Species:
  Amblyceps laticeps
  
  Caption: Female gravid with eggs
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L260)
  
  Caption: Female gravid with eggs.
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella vittata
  
  Caption: Female illustrating scutes
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Female immediately after spawning
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Female immediately before spawning
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. `RIO FORMOSO II`
  
  Caption: Female in stress colors
• 
  Species:
  Farlowella vittata
  
  Caption: Female lateral profile
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma duplicareum
  
  Caption: Female laying eegs!
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma paleatum
  
  Caption: Female laying eggs
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma paleatum
  
  Caption: Female laying eggs on leaves
• 
  Species:
  Osteogaster aenea
  
  Caption: Female leaving eggs laid on glass
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. (L309)
  
  Caption: Female on right, male on left
• 
  Species:
  Hemiancistrus subviridis
  
  Caption: Female on right, male on left
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria latirostris
  
  Caption: Female orange colour morph
• 
  Species:
  Tetranematichthys barthemi
  
  Caption: Female paratype
• 
  Species:
  Hypostomus roseopunctatus
  
  Caption: Female pectoral fin
• 
  Species:
  Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  
  Caption: Female pectoral fin
• 
  Species:
  Erethistes horai
  
  Caption: Female pectoral fin
• 
  Species:
  Leporacanthicus cf. galaxias(l241)
  
  Caption: Female pectoral fin (smaller odontodes)
• 
  Species:
  Ancistomus sp. (L147)
  
  Caption: Female ripe with eggs and ready to spawn
• 
  Species:
  Tatia intermedia
  
  Caption: Female spawning
• 
  Species:
  Scobinancistrus sp. (L253)
  
  Caption: Female upper caudal
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. (L080)
  
  Caption: Female vent
• 
  Species:
  Megalodoras uranoscopus
  
  Caption: Female ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Phyllonemus filinemus
  
  Caption: Female with eggs
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw051)
  
  Caption: Female with eggs between pelvic fins
• 
  Species:
  Scleromystax prionotos
  
  Caption: Female with F1 offspring
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus sp. (L374)
  
  Caption: Female-unusual pattern
• 
  Species:
  Epactionotus bilineatus
  
  Caption: Female, 30.6 mm SL
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus sp. (L483)
  
  Caption: Female, caudal peduncle
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis perugiae
  
  Caption: Female, caudal-fin markings like Fowler 1945
• 
  Species:
  Pseudolithoxus dumus
  
  Caption: Female, close-up of pectoral fin
• 
  Species:
  Neoplecostomus microps
  
  Caption: Female, close-up of single anal/urogenital pore
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus leopardus
  
  Caption: Female, day after laying eggs
• 
  Species:
  Epactionotus bilineatus
  
  Caption: Female, dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Pareiorhaphis hystrix
  
  Caption: Female, dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria daraha
  
  Caption: Female, dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. `ARGENTINA`
  
  Caption: Female, Dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Pseudolithoxus dumus
  
  Caption: Female, genital papillae and regular ventral fin
• 
  Species:
  Otocinclus flexilis
  
  Caption: Female, showing anus
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (Cw048)
  
  Caption: Female, Spari Creek
• 
  Species:
  Epactionotus bilineatus
  
  Caption: Female, ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sp. `RIO NEGRO II`
  
  Caption: Female, ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria daraha
  
  Caption: Female, ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria heteroptera
  
  Caption: Female. Rio Machado basin, Rio Madeira drainage
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria heteroptera
  
  Caption: Female. Rio Machado basin, Rio Madeira drainage
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria heteroptera
  
  Caption: Female. Rio Machado basin, Rio Madeira drainage
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria heteroptera
  
  Caption: Female. Sex-dimorphic pectoral spine & odontodes
• 
  Species:
  Ancistomus sp. (L147)
  
  Caption: Females cheek odontodes
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  
  Caption: Genital papillae of female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus sp. (LDA105)
  
  Caption: Genital papillae-female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudecheneis nagalandensis
  
  Caption: Genital papillae. A) Male. B) Female
• 
  Species:
  Duringlanis perugiae
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Hyalobagrus flavus
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus sp. (C123)
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Leporacanthicus triactis
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus leopardus
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus spinosus
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Rhinotocinclus sp. `RIO CAQUETA`
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria sp. (L010A)
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis lucipinnis
  
  Caption: Gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Otocinclus vittatus
  
  Caption: Gravid female showing yellowish eggs
• 
  Species:
  Rhinotocinclus sp. `RIO CAQUETA`
  
  Caption: Gravid female, dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Rita kuturnee
  
  Caption: Gravid female, Tungabhadra River, Karnataka,India
• 
  Species:
  Rhinotocinclus sp. `RIO CAQUETA`
  
  Caption: Gravid female, ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. `RIO FORMOSO II`
  
  Caption: Head after capture (female)
• 
  Species:
  Scobinancistrus aureatus
  
  Caption: Head of female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma paleatum
  
  Caption: Head on view, pair (larger female)
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Heavily gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Rhinotocinclus bockmanni
  
  Caption: Holotype, dorsal view. Female, 21.9mm SL
• 
  Species:
  Paralithoxus mocidade
  
  Caption: Holotype, dorsal. Female.
• 
  Species:
  Gelanoglanis varii
  
  Caption: Holotype, female
• 
  Species:
  Parotocinclus jacumirim
  
  Caption: Holotype, female
• 
  Species:
  Rhinotocinclus bockmanni
  
  Caption: Holotype, female, 21.9mm SL
• 
  Species:
  Epactionotus advenus
  
  Caption: Holotype, female, 35.4 mm SL
• 
  Species:
  Paralithoxus mocidade
  
  Caption: Holotype, female.
• 
  Species:
  Rhinotocinclus bockmanni
  
  Caption: Holotype, ventral view. Female, 21.9mm SL
• 
  Species:
  Paralithoxus mocidade
  
  Caption: Holotype, ventral. Female.
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus maccus
  
  Caption: Juvenile in foreground, adult female in background
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus cf. leopardus
  
  Caption: Juvenile male below, female above (approx 5-6cm)
• 
  Species:
  Baryancistrus xanthellus
  
  Caption: L081 close-up of female head
• 
  Species:
  Baryancistrus xanthellus
  
  Caption: L085 adult female
• 
  Species:
  Chaetostoma sacramento
  
  Caption: L455, female
• 
  Species:
  Pseudolithoxus kinja
  
  Caption: L492, Female, close-up of mouth
• 
  Species:
  Ageneiosus magoi
  
  Caption: Male (below) clasping female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma simile
  
  Caption: Male (below) with female laying eggs (in fins)
• 
  Species:
  Clarias batrachus
  
  Caption: Male (foreground) and sub-dominant female
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus maccus
  
  Caption: Male (left) / female (right) differences
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis lucipinnis
  
  Caption: Male (on right) chasing gravid female
• 
  Species:
  Hemiancistrus guahiborum
  
  Caption: Male & female, dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus claro
  
  Caption: Male and female in cave laying eggs
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria lanceolata
  
  Caption: Male and female spawning
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus cf. leopardus
  
  Caption: Male below, female above
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus spinosus
  
  Caption: Male trapping female in cave
• 
  Species:
  Brochis (sub-clade 3) delphax
  
  Caption: Male, left. Female, right.
• 
  Species:
  Mystus vittatus
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Pseudomystus siamensis
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Pseudomystus siamensis
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Agamyxis pectinifrons
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Brachyrhamdia sp. (1)
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Goeldiella eques
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis notatus
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Pseudopimelodus bufonius
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Schilbe intermedius
  
  Caption: Pair - female above
• 
  Species:
  Auchenipterichthys coracoideus
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Megalechis picta
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Chrysichthys brachynema
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Megalodoras uranoscopus
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria lanceolata
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Sturisoma barbatum
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Sturisomatichthys reinae
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis pleurops
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Ompok eugeneiatus
  
  Caption: Pair - female below
• 
  Species:
  Delturus sp. (1)
  
  Caption: Pair - female in foregound
• 
  Species:
  Amaralia hypsiura
  
  Caption: Pair - female on left
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis lucipinnis
  
  Caption: Pair - female on left
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus ranunculus
  
  Caption: Pair - female on right
• 
  Species:
  Osteogaster venezuelanus
  
  Caption: Pair - female to rear
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis sp. `POLLI WHITE`
  
  Caption: Pair - female to right
• 
  Species:
  Synodontis sp. `POLLI WHITE`
  
  Caption: Pair - female to right
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus zebra
  
  Caption: Pair - female top
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus dentex
  
  Caption: Pair (female - right)
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia sabaji
  
  Caption: Pair (female - right)
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma hypnos
  
  Caption: Pair (female right)
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus debilittera
  
  Caption: Pair (female right)
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma diphyes
  
  Caption: Pair (female to left)
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (C121)
  
  Caption: Pair (female to left)
• 
  Species:
  Ageneiosus magoi
  
  Caption: Pair (female, left)
• 
  Species:
  Megalechis picta
  
  Caption: Pair courting (female on right)
• 
  Species:
  Tatia strigata
  
  Caption: Pair, female above
• 
  Species:
  Spectracanthicus zuanoni
  
  Caption: Pair, female above
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw127)
  
  Caption: Pair, female above.
• 
  Species:
  Brochis (sub-clade 3) condiscipulus
  
  Caption: Pair, female below
• 
  Species:
  Parancistrus nudiventris
  
  Caption: Pair, female below
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma sp. (Cw111)
  
  Caption: Pair, female left
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (3)
  
  Caption: Pair, female left
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus spinosus
  
  Caption: Pair, female left
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L173)
  
  Caption: Pair, female right
• 
  Species:
  Parotocinclus jumbo
  
  Caption: Pair, female right
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria eigenmanni
  
  Caption: Pair, female to left
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria parva
  
  Caption: Pair, female to left
• 
  Species:
  Ageneiosus polystictus
  
  Caption: Pair, female to right
• 
  Species:
  Tatia dunni
  
  Caption: Pair, female to right
• 
  Species:
  Hemiancistrus sp. (L128)
  
  Caption: Pair, female to right
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus maccus
  
  Caption: Pair, gravid female to left
• 
  Species:
  Ferrarissoaresia meridionalis
  
  Caption: Paratype, female
• 
  Species:
  Pareiorhaphis vetula
  
  Caption: Paratype, female, dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Ferrarissoaresia meridionalis
  
  Caption: Paratype, female; Dorsal view
• 
  Species:
  Ferrarissoaresia meridionalis
  
  Caption: Paratype, female; Ventral view
• 
  Species:
  Rhinotocinclus bockmanni
  
  Caption: Paratype, female. 23.2mm SL
• 
  Species:
  Paralithoxus mocidade
  
  Caption: Paratype, female. Photo by Haroldo Palo Jr.
• 
  Species:
  Hypancistrus sp. (L316)
  
  Caption: Pectoral fin spine of female
• 
  Species:
  Peckoltia compta
  
  Caption: Posterior half of female showing no odontode growth
• 
  Species:
  Pterocryptis barakensis
  
  Caption: Sexual dimorphism: (left) Male, (right) Female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma froehlichi
  
  Caption: Sexual dimorphism: Male (left), Female (right)
• 
  Species:
  Epactionotus advenus
  
  Caption: Sexual dimporphism: a) Male; b) female
• 
  Species:
  Gastrodermus guapore
  
  Caption: Spawning - female to front with eggs in fins
• 
  Species:
  Ancistomus sp. (L147)
  
  Caption: The male ushers the female gently into the cave
• 
  Species:
  Megalechis thoracata
  
  Caption: Ventral view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Baryancistrus xanthellus
  
  Caption: Ventral view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Panaqolus maccus
  
  Caption: Ventral view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Pseudohemiodon sp. `MARBLED`
  
  Caption: Ventral view (female)
• 
  Species:
  Pseudacanthicus leopardus
  
  Caption: Ventral view (gravid female)
• 
  Species:
  Hemibagrus microphthalmus
  
  Caption: Ventral view of female
• 
  Species:
  Brochiloricaria chauliodon
  
  Caption: Ventral view of female
• 
  Species:
  Loricariichthys anus
  
  Caption: Ventral view of female
• 
  Species:
  Spectracanthicus zuanoni
  
  Caption: Ventral view of female
• 
  Species:
  Rineloricaria aff. latirostris
  
  Caption: Ventral view of upper body of female
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus dolichopterus
  
  Caption: Ventral view, female
• 
  Species:
  Hoplisoma paleatum
  
  Caption: Video - Female laying eggs
• 
  Species:
  Ancistrus sp. `RIO FORMOSO II`
  
  Caption: view of belly after capture (female)