Article © James M. Kitchen, uploaded April 04, 2014.

Pseudacanthicus spinosus is perhaps the most documented cactus pleco of the genus but more becuase it's been around a long time and features in some of the older aquarium catfish literature; reports of breeding are rare. James Kitchen pretty much specialises in keeping the spiny plecos of this genus and, in his first CotM, he explains, and shows, how he came to successfully breed this species.

The date of spawning was November 26, 2012 in a 180 gal(US) tank, 72" x 24" x 27" with sand substrate, live plants, wood, rocks, and caves. In terms of water, the temperature was 82°F, conductivity: 635µS with a pH of 7.5. The male was approximately 9.2" and almost four years old while the female was approximately 9.0" and, again, almost four years old. A water change was completed approximately two weeks before spawning activity started.

The pair started showing interest in the cave approximately one week before the actual event. As with other Pseudacanthicus (shortened to pseudas in this report) it is very important to situate the caves so they cannot be moved. Pseudas are very enthusiastic and have the ability to re-landscape their environment due to their size. It is also important to give them several caves to choose from, since one never knows what a fish likes.

Courtship and Spawning
For the first day or two, the male and female will stay together in the cave noses first. The female goes in first, followed by the male. Only half of the male is in the cave. They will stay together for several hours at a time before taking a break. When the female is ready she kicks the male out of the cave, spins around, and backs into the cave tail first — this happened about 4:30pm, in the afternoon of the second day. She will then sit in the cave with only her mouth and nose by the edge of the cave. The male will then stick his head and pectoral fins into the cave with his stomach resting on the female. The female will then get agitated and again kick out the male. The male will stay outside the cave with all of his fins erect, either showing off to the female, or warning others to stay away. He then slides his body closer to the cave opening to block it. Sometimes the female will dart out and push him away only to quickly return to the cave. This display continued for over 30 minutes.

During the next phase the female, still with her tail to the back of the cave, allows the male to enter the cave nose first and rest on top of her. At this point the male has half of his body in the cave. The female starts to bump the belly of the male with her head. He responds by pressing down on her and shudders. They stayed this way until about 7:00 pm.

The female, with a hard push, then knocks the male out of the cave. While the male sits on his tail with his body floating a few inches off of the bottom, the female swims under him and rubs her entire body on the male’s underside. Before he can settle back to the bottom she spins around and repeats the maneuver, rubbing the male with the top of her head all the way down to her tail. After several times the male bears down on the female as she slides underneath him.

Without warning, the female darts for the cave, and goes in tail first, followed very quickly by the male. With the female on one side of the cave and on the bottom, the male squeezed into the other side all the way to his pelvic fins. The male begins to push down on the female in a slow rhythm. After a time the male will shudder and then curl his pelvic fins under his body and push water into the cave. My guess is that he is fertilizing the eggs as the female is depositing them. At 10:00pm I watched the female dart out of the cave and the male began to guard the cave and fan the newly deposited eggs.

Caring for Eggs and Fry
It is my personal preference to let the male take care of the eggs until they start to hatch out. The natural way is far less work and the fry are more robust. The eggs take about seven days to hatch and 11 days later they are free swimming. It is advisable to collect the fry about 7 days after they hatch. Otherwise they escape from the cave into the tank, greatly reducing their chances of survival. There are about 200 eggs per spawn and the fry are 17mm when they are free swimming. Feeding is straightforward as they can chew Thera A for their first meal.

Copyright information for the images used in this article can be found on the species' full Cat-eLog page.

Cat-eLog Data Sheet
Scientific Name	Pseudacanthicus spinosus  (Castelnau, 1855)
Common Names	L096, Spiny Monster Pleco L160, Coffee And Cream Cactus Pleco, Cremefarvet Kaktussugemalle (Denmark), Gelschwanz Spiny Monster (Germany), Spotted Cactus Pleco
Type Locality	Amazon River, Brazil.
Synonym(s)	Hypostomus spinosus, Hypostomus spinosus castelnau
Pronunciation	SUE dah KAN thi cuss - spin oh suss
Etymology	Pseud- Greek: False, Acanthicus - Greek: Spiny, Thorny. Literally "False Acanthicus" referring to this genus being similar to, yet different from, Acanthicus. This specific epithet refers to its spiny (spinosus=spiny, thorny) appearance.
Articles	- Shane's World Reproduction Breeding Pseudacanthicus spinosus
Species Information
Size	260mm or 10.2" SL. Find near, nearer or same sized spp.
Identification	The German common name for this genus is ''Cactus Pleco''. A good name! Pseudacanthicus is a member of the Acanthicus clade. Species of the Acanthicus clade are distinguished from other Loricariidae species by the presence of (1) longitudinal rows of keels (pointed odontodes) along the body sides; (2) eight or more dorsal-fin rays (vs. six or seven in most other loricariids except Pterygoplichthys, Chaetostoma, Pogonopoma and Pseudancistrus pectegenitor); (3) seven to eight infraorbitals (vs. usually five or six); (4) five anal-fin branched rays (vs. usually four); and (5) presence of hypertrophied odontodes along the snout margin (vs. hypertrophied odontodes absent in other loricariids except Isbrueckerichthys and Pareiorhaphis, in Neoplecostominae; Panaque and Pseudancistrus and Neblinichthys, in Ancistrini; and most dimorphic males of Loricariinae). Within the Acanthicus group, Pseudacanthicus is distinguished by the presence of two small plates in the posterior area of the compound pterotic (vs. one median plate or plate absent), and by the presence of narrow premaxillae with a small number of elongate and curved teeth (except from Leporacanthicus). The distinctive light grey colouration can vary to a darker brown especially with age. This fish appears to have a wide distribution and thus colouration and patterning can be expected to vary somewhat.
Sexing	Unknown
Habitat Information
Distribution	South America: Amazon Basin. Reports also exist from the Orinoco Basin, Venezuela. L096: Pará, Rio do Pará, (Portel) L160: Pará, Rio Tocantins (Cametá-Marabá), Rio Guamá (Ourém) Amazon (click on these areas to find other species found there) Amazon, Lower Amazon, Tocantins, Lower Tocantins, Pará (click on these areas to find other species found there) Amazon, Lower Amazon, Tocantins (click on these areas to find other species found there) Login to view the map.
pH	5.8 - 7.8
Temperature	25.0-28.0°C or 77-82.4°F (Show species within this range)
Other Parameters	Can take cooler water for periods of time. Water current doesn't need to be too strong.
Husbandry Information
Feeding	Carnivore although not a predator, prawns and chopped mussel appear favourites and promote favourable growth. Some vegetable should also be provided and thus balances diet. User data.
Furniture	A large stone or preferably wooden hiding place is required, plants are not.
Compatibility	Generally peaceful but territorial from a young age. Some large specimens are aggressively territorial and may cause problems if housed with other large nocturnal fish.
Breeding	See Shane's World and CotM articles.
Breeding Reports	There are 4 breeding reports, read them all here.
Further Information
Reference	Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2, pp 45, Pl. 22 (fig. 3).
Registered Keepers	There are 66 registered keepers, view all "my cats" data.
Wishlists	Love this species? Click the heart to add it to your wish list. There are 4 wishes to keep this species, see who wants what.
Spotters	Spotted this species somewhere? Click the binoculars! There are 32 records of this fish being seen, view them all.
Forum BBCode
	Search for P. spinosus
	Look up P. spinosus on AquaticRepublic.com
	Look up P. spinosus on Fishbase
	Look up P. spinosus on Encyclopedia of Life
	Look up P. spinosus on Global Biodiversity Information Facility
	LFS label creator ARN ref:1.4.40.85
Last Update	2022 Jan 14 12:18 (species record created: 2014 Apr 04 07:03)

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